What is GraphQL?

2. What is GraphQL?

Overview

In this lesson, we will:

Explore the journey of how a client requests data and how a GraphQL server retrieves it
Learn about the components that make up a GraphQL server
Learn about the basics of the GraphQL schema syntax: SDL, or schema definition language

Journey of a GraphQL operation

Our app needs to fetch data for a particular page.

To get that data, it sends a GraphQL operation to our GraphQL server. The app shapes the operation as a string that defines the selection set of fields it needs. Then, it sends that operation to the server in an HTTP POST or GET request.

Hand-drawn illustration depicting client-land with a browser sending a query to server-land across a network

In server-land

When our server receives the HTTP request, it first extracts the string with the GraphQL operation. It parses and transforms it into something it can better manipulate: a tree-structured document called an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree). With this AST, the server validates the operation against the types and fields in our schema.

If anything is off (e.g. a requested field is not defined in the schema or the operation is malformed), the server throws an error and sends it right back to the app.

Hand-drawn illustration depicting server-land with the GraphQL server receiving a query and going through the necessary steps

In this case, the operation looks good, and the server can "execute" it. Meaning, the server can continue its process and actually fetch the data. The server walks down the AST.

For each field in the operation, the server invokes that field's resolver function. A resolver function's mission is to "resolve" its field by populating it with the correct data from the correct source, such as a database or a REST API. These data sources don't necessarily need to live within the GraphQL server, they can be externally hosted.

In this way, GraphQL is a powerful bridge to REST (and other data sources!) that ties all of your app's data together. The GraphQL API acts as the layer on top of them, providing a single interface through which multiple data sources can be queried simultaneously.

Hand-drawn illustration depicting a resolver function retrieving data from data-land

As all of the operation's fields are resolved, the data is assembled into a nicely ordered JSON object with the exact same shape as the query.

The server assigns the object to the HTTP response body's data key, and it's time for the return trip, back to our app.

Hand-drawn illustration depicting the server returning a response back to the browser in client-land

Back to client-land

Our client receives the response with exactly the data it needs and passes that data to the right components to render them.

And that's the journey of a GraphQL operation!

Now that we have a birds-eye view of the full journey from client, to server, and back, we'll take some time to zoom into two pieces of the story: the anatomy of a GraphQL server and the anatomy of a GraphQL operation.

Anatomy of a GraphQL server

The GraphQL server is where all the magic happens. Let's dive deeper into the components that make it up.

The schema

The GraphQL schema is a collection of types and fields that make up the comprehensive picture of everything we can do with the data in a GraphQL server. No actual data lives here; just the basic skeleton of the shapes that the live data will conform to. (Think of a blueprint!)

Schema definition language (SDL)

The GraphQL schema has its own language called schema definition language, or SDL.

We'll briefly cover the syntax for SDL, but it's not the purpose of the course! In the next lesson, we'll see exactly how Strawberry, the GraphQL server framework we'll be using, lets us implement GraphQL in Python, without worrying about the specifics of SDL syntax. However, it's still helpful to be familiar with SDL, since it will be the common language when discussing the schema between API and client app teams.

Let's look at an example of a schema.

GraphQL example schema

type Fruit {
  name: String!
  quantity: Int
  averageWeight: Float
  hasEdibleSeeds: Boolean
  nutrients: [String]
}

The Fruit type is an example of an object type. We define an object type using the type keyword, then the name of the object, followed by curly braces. Inside the curly braces, we define the fields associated with that type.

A field starts with the name of the field, then a colon (:) and then the type for that field. In the example above, all the fields in the Fruit type are scalar types.

The available scalar types in GraphQL are String, Int, Float, Boolean and ID. These are similar to scalar types in any programming language. The square brackets ([]) indicate a List type.

We can visualize the schema as a graph, a data model of nodes and edges. Each object type or scalar type is a node and each relationship (the object's field) is an edge between two nodes.

Diagram of the Fruit schema

Here's how Python types map to GraphQL types:

Python type	GraphQL type
`str`	`String`
`int`	`Int`
`float`	`Float`
`bool`	`Boolean`
`strawberry.ID`	`ID`
`list[str]`	`[String]`

In terms of nullability, GraphQL denotes non-nullable (or required) fields with an exclamation mark (!) after the type.

In contrast, in Python, all types are non-nullable by default. Nullable types are defined with either T | None or Optional[T] (in older Python versions).

Fields can also return object types. For example, in the schema below, we have a Vendor type that contains a fruitCatalog field, which returns a list of Fruit types. We can also add a new field in the Fruit type called soldBy that returns a Vendor type.

GraphQL example schema

type Fruit {
  name: String!
  quantity: Int
  averageWeight: Float
  hasEdibleSeeds: Boolean
  nutrients: [String]
  soldBy: Vendor
}

type Vendor {
  name: String!
  fruitCatalog: [Fruit]
}

This is where we really start to see the graph shine in GraphQL: when we model and traverse the relationships between our types.

Diagram of the Fruit and Vendor relationship

To make use of this graph, we need an entry point into the graph.

Entry points

A GraphQL operation (the thing that the client sends to the GraphQL server) can either be a query, a mutation, or a subscription. A query reads data, a mutation changes data and a subscription listens for live, streaming data.

All three operations map to a corresponding type in the schema: Query, Mutation and Subscription. Let's take the query as an example.

GraphQL example schema

type Query {
  mostPopularFruit: Fruit
}

We can think of the fields within the Query type as the list of things we can ask for from our GraphQL API. Similarly, the Mutation type is the list of things we can do with our GraphQL API.

The resolver functions

For every type and field in the GraphQL schema, we need to define a resolver function. This is a function that can retrieve the data for a specific field. These functions have access to various data sources: databases, REST APIs, even text files or JSON!

Resolvers for fields in our schema follow the hierarchy of the schema. This means that resolver functions for the name and quantity fields on a Fruit type are methods that belong to a Fruit class. This keeps our resolver functions just as organized as our schema.

Anatomy of a GraphQL operation

The journey starts with a GraphQL operation sent from the client. We described a GraphQL operation as "a string that defines the selection set of fields [the client] needs". When we write this operation, we use the schema as our reference guide for what types and fields we have access to, and how they relate to each other.

We know that a GraphQL operation can be a query, a mutation or a subscription. Let's check out what an example of a query might look like:

GraphQL example query

query GetMostPopularFruit {
  mostPopularFruit {
    name
    hasEdibleSeeds
    soldBy {
      name
    }
  }
}

We can already see how the schema was used as a reference for this query.

First, we start with the type of GraphQL operation, in this case query, followed by an operation name of our choosing, GetMostPopularFruit, then curly braces. Inside, we can start to add fields from the Fruit type: name, hasEdibleSeeds, soldBy. And since soldBy is a field that returns a Vendor type, we add fields from that type as well, like name.

Visually, we can also follow this as traversing the graph.

Diagram traversing the graph using the query

In this course, we'll be using a tool called Apollo Sandbox Explorer that will help us build queries easily, without needing to know the specifics of the syntax we should be following.

Practice

Which of these are actions that our GraphQL server takes when it receives a request?

It extracts the string for the GraphQL query from the request.It transforms the GraphQL query string into an Abstract Syntax Tree.It validates the query against the schema.

Which of these are situations where our GraphQL server will throw an error?

An incoming GraphQL query string is malformed.A requested field is not defined in the schema.A queried list field returns an empty list.

Which of these are responsibilities of a resolver function?

Constructing an AST from each incoming GraphQL query stringPopulating its corresponding field with dataRetrieving the correct data from a source such as a database or a REST API

When a query executes successfully, which of these is included in the object returned by the GraphQL server?

A fields key containing a flat array of values for each of the query's requested fieldsA data key containing a result object with the same shape as the queryA url key containing a unique URL for fetching the query's results

GraphQL operations

There are three types of GraphQL operations. A

reads data. A mutation

data. A

listens for live, streaming data.

Drag items from this box to the blanks above

question
query
subscription
screenshots
changes
connection

Key takeaways

There are three types of GraphQL operations: queries, mutations and subscriptions. A query reads data, a mutation changes data and a subscription listens for live, streaming data.
The GraphQL schema is a collection of types and fields that make up the comprehensive picture of everything we can do with the data in a GraphQL server. It is written in schema definition language (SDL).
A resolver function retrieves the data for a specific field in our schema. These functions have access to various data sources: databases, REST APIs, even text files or JSON. These data sources don't need to live within the GraphQL server.

Up next

This course is all about building a GraphQL server, so let's get into it! It's time to meet Strawberry.

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